Saturday, January 25, 2020
Technology - Progress of Interstellar Travel :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers
The Progress of Interstellar Travel         The (un)likelihood of extraterrestrial      visitation is probably one of the      most debated aspects of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, the answer being      an essential component to the validity of the ETH. After all, the assumed      unlikeliness of interstellar travel has become the cornerstone of those      who resist the ETH as an explanation for UFOs. So, does extraterrestrial      visitation necessarily require all sorts of "unlikely" science, or is it      possible to accomplish interstellar travel using conventional wisdom?      "If we at once admit the foolishness of these perennially suggested      "impediments" to star flight, we will be on our way to understanding that      interstellar space does not need a bridge too far. Interstellar travel may      still be in its infancy, but adulthood is fast approaching, and our      descendants will someday see childhood's end"[1].        Opinions on the practicality of interstellar travel diverge, but the      negative and positive opinions are seen to stem primarily from the      differences in background of those people doing the studies. SETI      researchers think that the degree of dispersion of stars throughout the      galaxy, combined with the limitations of interstellar travel as we      understand general relativity, effectively preclude the feasibility of      extraterrestrial visitation, thus believing that any extraterrestrial      intelligence would only be transmitting their love and good wishes to us.      The other group, largely composed of physicists and engineers involved in      propulsion research, tends to believe that interstellar travel is      difficult, but not a barrier, or not difficult at all once technology      progresses [1]. Not surprisingly, the latter choice appears to be the most      defensible.        Quite a number of clever designs have appeared in print, describing      various methods of getting mankind to the stars. These include such      projects as the star probe Daedalus, a robot interstellar vehicle designed      by members of the British Interplanetary Society which uses nuclear fusion      power, or interstellar ramjets which scoop up their fuel between the
Friday, January 17, 2020
Ethnicity in Sociology Essay
-Much greater levels of police stop and search on young black African-Caribbean males, than whites. -After attack on World Trade Center in 2001 and London Underground bombings in 2005, a new discourse has emerged regarding Muslim Youths. -The new image of them is of being dangerous- a threat to British culture. Offending -There are 3 ways on gathering statistics on ethnicity and crime: official stats, victimization studies and self-report studies. -According to Home Office statistics, about 9. 5% of people arrested were recorded as ‘Black’ and 5. 3% ‘Asian’ (similar rating to white). This means that, relative to the population as a whole, black people are 3x more likely than whites to be arrested. -However, these stats could be seen as a comment on the actions of the police. – some sociologists argue there is institutional racism in police. -Offenders are most likely to be young males aged between 14 and 25. Any ethnic group with a high proportion of this age group within it will have relatively high arrest rates. The British black pop has high rates, and so it would be expected that they’d have high arrest rates too because of this. -Stats show that Black Youth are more likely to be unemployed or in low paid jobs. Victimizing studies -Victim-based studies (British Crime Survey) are gathered by asking victims of crime for their recollection of the ethnic identity of the offender. -According to the British Crime Survey, the majority of crime is intraracial, with 88% of white victims stating that white criminals were involved, 3% claiming offenders were black, 1%Asian, 5% mixed. -About 42% of crimes against Black victims were identified as black offenders and 19% of crime against Asian were Asians. -The figure of white crimes AGAINST ethnic minorities are much higher – 50% (though 90% of pop is white). -However only 20% of survey-recorded crimes are ‘peronal’ such as theft, where the victim may actually be able to identify the offender. – Bowling and Phillips argue that victims are influenced by racial stereotypes and ‘culturally determined expectations’ as to who commits crime. Their research shows that where the offender is not known, White people are more likely to describe those of African-Caribbean background. Self-Report Studies- asked in anonymous questionnaires to see what offences people commit -Graham and Bowlings study for the Home Office of 14 to 25 year olds, found that the self-reported offending rates were more or less the same for the White, Black and Asian respondants. However, Blacks are 3. 6 x more likely to be arrested (Jones and Singer). Sentencing -After arrest, Affro-Carbs are slightly more likely to be held in custody and to be charged with more serious offences than Whites. But they are more likely to plead, and be found ‘not guilty’ -Bowling and Phillips state that these stats indicate that that both direct and indirect discrimination (types of charges laid, accsess to bail etc) against members of ethnic minorities do exist. -For example, Those of African-Caribbean backgrounds have a 17% higher chance of imprisonment than whites. Punishment -According to Jones and Singer the proportion of Black British background took 19% of total prison population. Racist Policing -Most sociologists ie Mayhew et al a rgue that most crime is committed by young males who come from a poor background. -The ‘canteen culture’ approach argues that police officers have developed distinctive working values as a result of their job. The core characteristics of this culture according to Reiner include a thirst for action, cynicism, macho values and racism becasude they often feel pressure/work long hours/face public scrutiny etc. -Studies by Smith and Gray (who himself was a policeman) showed racist views by the police force and they targeted blacks. Institutional Racism -After the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence, the Macpherson Report was set up to look at the circumstances of his death and handling of the situation by the police. Sir William Macpherson said ‘police had procedures, practices and a culture that tended to exclude or disadvantage non-white people’. Left-realist approach -Lea and Young accept that there are racist practices by the police but argue that despite this, the statistics do bear out a higher crime rate for street robberies and associated ‘personal crimes’ by youths of Affro-carb backgrounds. -They explain this by suggesting British society is racist and that young ethnic minorities are economically and socially marginalized (pushed out of society), with lesser chances of success than majority of population. Cultures of Resistance -Because minority groups have been discriminated against (colonialism etc) leaving them in a lower socioeconomic position compared to whites, a culture of resistance formed. -COF = organized resistance that has its origins from anticolonial struggles. Ie when young offenders commit crime they are doing it as a political art rather than a criminal act. -However Lea et al argues that this doesn’t account for the high proportion of Black on Black crime. -Fitzgerald et al = street crime is caused by deprivation, lack of community -Higher crime in lone-parent fams -Justifications among crime such as l=bad education, alienation from schools etc. Â
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Positive Effects Of Human Cloning - 767 Words
Cloning means to make an identical copy of something or someone (Dictionary, n.d.). Cloning is an accomplishment for science and an advancement in medicine. Cloning itself is incredible and can benefit many people when used properly, but can be taken out of control when being used excessively, especially when it comes to human cloning. Human cloning should not be developed because it would take away individuality, it disrupts the natural evolution, and could lead to social regress referring to equality. Positive effects have yet to be produced from complete human cloning (Unknow, 2016). If human cloning was pursued it would take away individuality and variety in our society eliminating the things that make us unique. Our society would†¦show more content†¦He didnt make us from a cut out, but formed every unique curve on our body with his bare hands and gave us our individual personalities. We as humans do not have the same authority to create life, because we are not God. â€Å"Jesus answered ‘Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of god.’†John 3:5 if we make it our responsibility to create humans we are playing the role of God by developing a God complex and sense of entitlement. By playing the role of God we are eliminating him and heaven which will force faith to wither away. Our problem is that once we get a taste for that power and responsibility, we will always desire to do it again. Cloning humans would also give us a sort of entitlement and make us appear superior to the clones. Our nation would regress socially and we would find ourselves with our clones as a type of slave. There would form a very blurry line of wear human clones rights fall. They would technically be humans, but man-made humans and as a sort of standard it is safe to say that everything man makes, man owns. There are moral and ethical problems and may lead to a lack of these human clone rights. Clones will not maintain the same rights as the original copy. Human cloning could allow parents who have lost a child clone another (Putatunda, 2016). Cloning a lost family member is morally and ethically wrong. The clones will still die the same way as the original, unless modified. SinceShow MoreRelatedThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words  | 6 PagesThe invention of cloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An inve ntion is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’sRead MoreHuman Cloning Debate: The Fate of Frankenstein1671 Words  | 7 PagesFrankenstein myth is the idea that humans have the technology and wisdom to create or duplicate life. This idea, cloning, is neither new, nor mysterious it is simply the biological process of producing replicas of organisms through other means than sexual reproduction. In the United States, consumption of meat and other products derived from cloning was approved in December of 2006, with no special labeling required. However, although there are two types of human cloning typically discussed: therapeuticRead Mo reEssay on The Cloning Controversy1271 Words  | 6 Pages Today, the topic of cloning generates more argument then it has ever created before. The controversy over cloning is based, in part, on the fact that there are extreme opposing viewpoints on the subject. Also a major factor in the debate over cloning is a fear of new technology. Throughout history, man has always been slow to adapt to a new technology, or a new way of doing things. We go through all the trouble to adapt to one method, why uproot ourselves and change everything just to do it a differentRead More Cloning Essay723 Words  | 3 Pages Is Human Cloning Ethical? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Imagine that you have just been diagnosed with lung cancer. You have been told you have six months to live unless you can find two replacement lungs. But, you are told and realize you are a clone and have to give your life to save another. Is that ethically right? Would you, the original human want to do it? I feel that cloning human beings is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning seems to be a big issue in the world today. The issues ofRead MoreThe Controversial Scientific Breakthroughs Has Been The Success Of Cloning1499 Words  | 6 Pagesthe success of cloning. Ever since the creation of â€Å"Dolly†the sheep at Roslin Institute, there has been increased debates on whether scientists should bump up a notch and try to clone a human. Biotechnology and science evolves day by day. New inventions and discoveries play an important part in order for a breakthrough in science. Scientists are eager to study and dig deeper into the mysteries of life, to t hem experimenting with cloning is a major step in fully understanding the human body and itsRead MoreEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning1472 Words  | 6 PagesThere are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic among society today. Many people argue aboutRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cloning872 Words  | 4 PagesThere are many arguments against cloning. Leon R. Kass bases his argument on repugnance in his article The Wisdom of Repugnance. He is a well-known physician, educator and scientist. Kass perceives cloning as offensive, grotesque revolting, repulsive and wron g. To establish his argument he states, â€Å"Most people recoil from the prospect of mass production or human being, with large clones of look-alikes, compromised in their individuality.†1 His rationale is cloning is unnatural, because it is asexualRead More Is Human Cloning Another Frankenstein? Essay1272 Words  | 6 Pages Is Human Cloning Another Frankenstein? nbsp; The creation of life by unnatural method is a question that Mary Shelleys Frankenstein addresses. Through the events that result from Victors attempt to bestow life to the inanimate, Shelley concludes that it is inappropriate for man to play god. With the advent of the science of creation, cloning, scientists now face the same problem that Shelley raised years ago. The applications of such research are numerous, all varying in severity. In whatRead More Genetic Engineering Essay993 Words  | 4 PagesGenetic Engineering There are many manipulations that humans have done to the environment throughout history in order to benefit mankind. As technology has increased many of these manipulations have begun to take place on a larger scale resulting in more drastic changes to the environment. The first manipulations humans used to benefit themselves were farming and domestication of animals. This was very basic manipulation to the environment and did not make drastic changes to the environmentRead MoreHuman Cloning And Its Legality1347 Words  | 6 PagesHuman cloning is the creation of genetically identical or modified copy of a human. Human cloning is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. The possibility of human cloning has raised complications. These ethical concerns have provoked several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning and its legality. The common types of cloning is Gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning is the process in which a gene is located and copied out of DNA extracted
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